• Preamble
• Scope
• Chapter 1: Client-lawyer Relationship
  • Rule 1.0 Definitions
  • Rule 1.1 Competence
  • Rule 1.2 Scope of the Representation and the Allocation of Authority Between the Lawyer and Client
  • Rule 1.3 Diligence
  • Rule 1.4 Communication
  • Rule 1.5 Fees
  • Rule 1.6 Confidentiality
  • Rule 1.7 Conflict of Interest: General Rule
  • Rule 1.8 Conflict of Interest: Prohibited Transactions
  • Rule 1.9 Conflict of Interest: Former Client
  • Rule 1.10 Imputed Disqualification: General Rule
  • Rule 1.11 Successive Government and Private Employment
  • Rule 1.12 Former Judge or Arbitrator
  • Rule 1.13 Organizational Clients
  • Rule 1.14 Client under a Disability
  • Rule 1.15 Safekeeping Property
  • Rule 1.16 Declining and Terminating Representation
  • Rule 1.17 Sale of a Law Practice
• Chapter 2: The Lawyer as Counselor, Intermediary, and Dispute Resolution Neutral
  • Rule 2.1 Advisor
  • Rule 2.2 Lawyer Serving as Intermediary Between Clients
  • Rule 2.3 Evaluation for Use by Third Persons
  • Rule 2.4 Lawyer as Dispute Resolution Neutral
• Chapter 3: Advocate
  • Rule 3.1 Meritorious Claims and Contentions
  • Rule 3.2 Expediting Litigation
  • Rule 3.3 Candor Toward the Tribunal
  • Rule 3.4 Fairness to Opposing Party and Counsel
  • Rule 3.5 Impartiality and Decorum of the Tribunal
  • Rule 3.6 Trial Publicity
  • Rule 3.7 Lawyer as Witness
  • Rule 3.8 Special Responsibilities of a Prosecutor
  • Rule 3.9 Advocate in Non-adjudicative Proceedings
• Chapter 4: Transactions with Persons Other than Clients
  • Rule 4.1 Truthfulness and Candor in Statements to Others
  • Rule 4.2 Communication with Person Represented by Counsel
  • Rule 4.3 Dealing with Unrepresented Person
  • Rule 4.4 Respect for Rights of Third Persons
• Chapter 5: Law Firms, Legal Departments, and Legal Service Organizations
  • Rule 5.1 Responsibilities of a Partner, Managing Lawyer or Supervisory Lawyer
  • Rule 5.2 Responsibilities of a Subordinate Lawyer
  • Rule 5.3 Responsibilities Regarding Nonlawyer Assistants
  • Rule 5.4 Professional Independence of a Lawyer
  • Rule 5.5 Unauthorized Practice of Law
  • Rule 5.6 Restrictions on Right to Practice
  • Rule 5.7 Responsibilities Regarding Law-related Services
• Chapter 6: Public Service
  • Rule 6.1 Pro Bono Publico Representation
  • Rule 6.2 Accepting Court Appointments
  • Rule 6.3 Membership in Legal Services Organization
  • Rule 6.4 Law Reform Activities Affecting Client Interests
• Chapter 7: Information about Legal Services
  • Rule 7.1 Communications Concerning a Lawyer's Services
  • Rule 7.2 Advertising and Other Communications Not Directed to Specifically Identified Recipients
  • Rule 7.3 Solicitation and Other Communications Directed to Specifically Identified Recipients
  • Rule 7.4 Communication of Fields of Practice
  • Rule 7.5 Firm Names and Letterheads
  • Rule 7.6 Intermediary Organizations
• Chapter 8: Maintaining the Integrity of the Profession
  • Rule 8.1 Bar Admission and Disciplinary Matters
  • Rule 8.2 Judicial and Legal Officials
  • Rule 8.3 Reporting Professional Misconduct
  • Rule 8.4 Misconduct
  • Rule 8.5 Disciplinary Authority; Choice of Law
• Transition Rules Governing Implementation of Tennessee Rules of Professional Conduct
•  

COMMENTS

[1] This Rule governs the conduct of a lawyer who is representing a client in connection with the proceedings of a tribunal, such as a court or an administrative agency acting in an adjudicative capacity. It applies not only when the lawyer appears before the tribunal, but also when the lawyer participates in activities conducted pursuant to the tribunal’s authority, such as pre-trial discovery in a civil matter.

[2] The advocate’s task is to present the client’s case with persuasive force. Performance of that duty while maintaining confidences of the client is qualified by the advocate’s duty to refrain from assisting a client to perpetrate a fraud upon the tribunal. However, an advocate does not vouch for the evidence submitted in a cause; the tribunal is responsible for assessing its probative value.

Representations by a Lawyer

[3] An advocate is responsible for pleadings and other documents prepared for litigation, but is usually not required to have personal knowledge of matters asserted therein, for litigation documents ordinarily present assertions by the client, or by someone on the client’s behalf, and not assertions by the lawyer. Compare RPC 3.1. However, an assertion purporting to be on the lawyer’s own knowledge, as in an affidavit by the lawyer or in a statement in open court, may properly be made only when the lawyer knows the assertion is true or believes it to be true on the basis of a reasonably diligent inquiry. There are circumstances where failure to make a disclosure is the equivalent of an affirmative misrepresentation. The obligation prescribed in Rule 1.2(d) not to counsel a client to commit, or assist the client in committing a fraud, applies in litigation. Regarding compliance with Rule 1.2(d), see the Comment to that Rule and also Comments [1] and [7] to Rule 8.4.

Misleading Legal Argument

[4] Legal argument based on a knowingly false representation of law constitutes dishonesty toward the tribunal. A lawyer is not required to make a disinterested exposition of the law, but must recognize the existence of pertinent legal authorities. Furthermore, as stated in paragraph (a)(2), an advocate has a duty to disclose directly adverse authority in the controlling jurisdiction that has not been disclosed by the opposing party. The underlying concept is that legal argument is a discussion seeking to determine the legal premises properly applicable to the case.

Ex Parte Proceedings

[5] Ordinarily, an advocate has the limited responsibility of presenting one side of the matters that a tribunal should consider in reaching a decision; the conflicting position is expected to be presented by the opposing party. However, in an ex parte proceeding, such as an application for a temporary restraining order or one conducted pursuant to Rule 1.7(c), there is no balance of presentation by opposing advocates. The object of an ex parte proceeding is nevertheless to yield a substantially just result. The judge has an affirmative responsibility to accord the absent party just consideration. As provided in paragraph (a)(3), the lawyer for the represented party has the correlative duty to make disclosures of material facts known to the lawyer and that the lawyer reasonably believes are necessary to an informed decision.

Refusing to Offer or Use False Evidence

[6] When evidence that a lawyer knows to be false is provided by a person who is not the client, the lawyer must refuse to offer it regardless of the client’s wishes. The lawyer must similarly refuse to offer a client’s testimony that the lawyer knows to be false, except that paragraph (b) permits the lawyer to allow a criminal defendant to testify by way of narrative if the lawyer’s request to withdraw, as required by paragraph (f), is denied. Paragraph (c) precludes a lawyer from affirming the validity of, or otherwise using, any evidence the lawyer knows to be false, including the narrative testimony of a criminal defendant.

[7] As provided in paragraph (d), a lawyer has authority to refuse to offer or use testimony or other proof that the lawyer believes is untrustworthy. Offering such proof may reflect adversely on the lawyer’s ability to discriminate in the quality of evidence and thus impair the lawyer’s effectiveness as an advocate. Because of the special protections historically provided criminal defendants, however, this Rule does not permit a lawyer to refuse to offer or use the testimony of such a client because the lawyer reasonably believes the testimony to be false. Unless the lawyer knows the testimony will be false, the lawyer must honor the client’s decision to testify.

Wrongdoing in Adjudicative Proceedings by Clients and Others

[8] A lawyer who is representing a client in an adjudicative proceeding and comes to know prior to the completion of the proceeding that the client has perpetrated a fraud or committed perjury or another offense against the administration of justice, or intends to do so before the end of the proceeding, is in a difficult position in which the lawyer must strike a professionally responsible balance between the lawyer’s duties of loyalty and confidentiality owed to the client and the equally important duty of the lawyer to avoid assisting the client with the consummation of the fraud or perjury. In all such cases, paragraph (e) requires the lawyer to advise the client to desist from or to rectify the crime or fraud and inform the client of the consequences of a failure to do so. The hard questions come in those rare cases in which the client refuses to reveal the misconduct and prohibits the lawyer from doing so.

[9] Paragraph (f) sets forth the lawyer’s responsibilities in situations in which the lawyer’s client is implicated in the misconduct. In these situations, the Rules do not permit the lawyer to report the client’s offense. Confidentiality under Rule 1.6 prevails over the lawyer’s duty of candor to the tribunal. Only if the client is implicated in misconduct by or toward a juror or a member of the jury pool does the lawyer’s duty of candor to the tribunal prevail over confidentiality. See paragraph (i).

[10] Although the lawyer may not reveal the client’s misconduct, the lawyer must not voluntarily continue to represent the client, for to do so without disclosure of the misconduct would assist the client to consummate the offense. The Rule, therefore, requires the lawyer to seek permission of the tribunal to withdraw from the representation of the client. To increase the likelihood that the tribunal will permit the lawyer to withdraw, the lawyer is also required to inform the tribunal that the request for permission to withdraw is required by the Rules of Professional Conduct. This statement also serves to advise the tribunal that something is amiss without providing the tribunal with any of the information related to the representation that is protected by Rule 1.6. These Rules, therefore, are intended to preserve confidentiality while requiring the lawyer to act so as not to assist the client with the consummation of the fraud. This reflects a judgment that the legal system will be best served by rules that encourage clients to confide in their lawyers who in turn will advise them to rectify the fraud. Many, if not most, clients will abide by their lawyer’s advice, particularly if the lawyer spells out the consequences of failing to do so. At the same time, our legal system and profession cannot permit lawyers to assist clients who refuse to follow their advice and insist on consummating an ongoing fraud.

[11] Once the lawyer has made a request for permission to withdraw, the tribunal may grant or deny the request to withdraw without further inquiry or may seek more information from the lawyers about the reasons for the lawyer’s request. If the judge seeks more information, the lawyer must resist disclosure of information protected by Rule 1.6, but only to the extent that the lawyer may do so in compliance with Rule 3.1. If the lawyer cannot make a non-frivolous argument that the information sought by the tribunal is protected by the attorney-client privilege, the lawyer must respond truthfully to the inquiry. If, however, there is a non-frivolous argument that the information sought is privileged, paragraph (h) requires the lawyer to invoke the privilege. Whether to seek an interlocutory appeal from an adverse decision with respect to the claim of privilege is governed by Rules 1.2 and 3.1.

[12] If a lawyer is required to seek permission from a tribunal to withdraw from the representation of a client in either a civil or criminal proceeding because the client has refused to rectify a perjury or fraud, it is ultimately the responsibility of the tribunal to determine whether the lawyer will be permitted to withdraw from the representation. In a criminal proceeding, however, a decision to permit the lawyer’s withdrawal may implicate the constitutional rights of the accused and may even have the effect of precluding further prosecution of the client. Notwithstanding this possibility, the lawyer must seek permission to withdraw, leaving it to the prosecutor to object to the request and to the tribunal to ultimately determine whether withdrawal is permitted. If permission to withdraw is not granted, the lawyer must continue to represent the client, but cannot assist the client in consummating the fraud or perjury by directly or indirectly using the perjured testimony or false evidence during the current or any subsequent stage of the proceeding. A defense lawyer who complies with these rules acts professionally without regard to the effect of the lawyer’s compliance on the outcome of the proceeding.

False Documentary or Tangible Evidence

[13] If a lawyer comes to know that tangible items or documents that the lawyer has previously offered into evidence have been altered or falsified, paragraph (g) requires that the lawyer withdraw or disaffirm the evidence, but does not otherwise permit disclosure of information protected by Rule 1.6. Because disaffirmance, like withdrawal, can be accomplished without disclosure of information protected by Rule 1.6, it is required when necessary for the lawyer to avoid assisting a fraud on the tribunal.

Crimes or Frauds by Persons Other than the Client

[14] Paragraph (h) applies if the lawyer comes to know that a person other than the client has engaged in misconduct in connection with the proceeding. Upon learning prior to the completion of the proceeding that such misconduct has occurred, the lawyer is required by paragraph (e) to promptly reveal the offense to the tribunal. The client’s interest in protecting the wrongdoer is not sufficiently important as to override the lawyer’s duty of candor to the court and to take affirmative steps to prevent the administration of justice from being tainted by perjury, fraud, or other improper conduct.

Misconduct By or Toward Jurors or Members of Jury Pool

[15] Because jury tampering undermines the institutional mechanism that our adversary system of justice uses to determine the truth or falsity of testimony or evidence, paragraph (i) requires a lawyer who learns prior to the completion of the proceeding that there has been misconduct by or directed toward a juror or prospective juror must reveal the misconduct and the identity of the perpetrator to the tribunal, even if so doing requires disclosure of information protected by Rule 1.6. Paragraph (i) does not require that the lawyer seek permission to withdraw from the further representation of the client in the proceeding, but in cases in which the client is implicated in the jury tampering, the lawyer’s continued representation of the client may violate Rule 1.7. Rule 1.16(a)(1) would then require the lawyer to seek permission to withdraw from the case.

Crime or Fraud Discovered After Conclusion of Proceeding

[16] In cases in which the lawyer learns of the client’s misconduct after the termination of the proceeding in which the misconduct occurred, the lawyer is prohibited from reporting the client’s misconduct to the tribunal. Even though the lawyer may have innocently assisted the client to perpetrate the offense, the lawyer should treat this information as the lawyer would treat information with respect to any past crime a client might have committed. The client’s offense will be deemed completed as of the conclusion of the proceeding. An offense that occurs at an earlier stage in the proceeding will be deemed an ongoing offense until the final stage of the proceeding is completed. A proceeding has concluded within the meaning of this Rule when a final judgment in the proceeding has been affirmed on appeal or the time for an appeal has passed.

Constitutional Requirements

[17] These Rules apply to defense counsel in criminal cases, as well as in other instances. However, the definition of the lawyer’s ethical duty in such a situation may be qualified by constitutional provisions for due process and the right to counsel in criminal cases. The obligation of the advocate under these Rules is subordinate to any such constitutional requirement.

DEFINITIONAL CROSS-REFERENCES

“Consult” and “Consultation” See RPC 1.0(c)
“Fraud” and “Fraudulent” See RPC 1.0(f)
“Knowingly,” “Known,” and “Knows” See RPC 1.0(g)
“Material” See RPC 1.0(h)
“Reasonably Believes” See RPC 1.0(k)
“Tribunal” See RPC 1.0(n)